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Tetanus Lockjaw in Dogs: Signs, Symptoms, Treatments

As a child, you might have been warned about the dangers of stepping on a rusty nail. While rust itself isn’t the main issue, the real concern lies in the bacteria found in soil and on rusted objects like cars, metal fences, and equipment. These bacteria can produce a toxin that infects both humans and pets, leading to tetanus, which can result in a condition called lockjaw in dogs.

Although uncommon, lockjaw occurs when a dog is unable to open or close its mouth. Tetanus is one possible cause of lockjaw, but other factors can also contribute, such as issues with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), muscle diseases like masticatory muscle myositis, injuries, dental issues, birth defects, nerve disorders, and cancers. In this post, we will explore the connection between tetanus and lockjaw in dogs, along with treatment options and prognosis.

How Do Dogs Develop Lockjaw from Tetanus?

Lockjaw caused by tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that affects the dog’s nervous system. “The most common cause of lockjaw is deep puncture wounds or cuts contaminated with soil or dirt, where the bacteria reside,” says Dr. Kelly Hood, DVM, an expert at Pet Portraits. The bacteria Clostridium tetani doesn’t typically cause issues when ingested, but when it enters a wound, it multiplies and releases a toxin that travels through the nerves to the spinal cord and brain, causing muscle spasms and stiffness.

While a tetanus vaccine isn’t routinely recommended for dogs—since they are less susceptible to the effects of the toxin—keeping your dog away from areas with rusted metal and construction debris can help prevent injury. It’s also important to clean and treat wounds promptly, especially deep punctures, to prevent infection. Proper wound care involves flushing the wound thoroughly to remove any bacteria, and keeping your dog’s living area clean to reduce the risk of contamination.

What Are the Symptoms of Lockjaw?

Symptoms of lockjaw can develop a few days to weeks after a dog is exposed to the tetanus toxin. The toxin causes severe muscle spasms that usually start in the jaw and face but can spread to other areas of the body, making it difficult for dogs to move, eat, or even breathe in severe cases.

Common symptoms of lockjaw include:

  • Inability to open or close the mouth
  • Stiffness in the jaw and facial muscles
  • Grimacing expression, often resembling a forced smile
  • Erect ears
  • Pain or discomfort in the jaw area
  • Visible third eyelid
  • Weakness when biting or chewing
  • Loss of appetite
  • Excessive drooling
  • Swelling around the mouth or eyes

As the condition worsens, your dog may experience increased difficulty eating or drinking due to muscle rigidity. Some dogs may also develop a fever as a result of muscle spasms. If you notice any of these symptoms, it’s important to contact your veterinarian right away.

How Is Lockjaw Diagnosed?

Lockjaw diagnosis is based on clinical signs and the underlying cause of the condition. Dr. Hood explains that the veterinarian will perform a physical exam to check for muscle stiffness and any swelling, as well as look for foreign objects that may be stuck in your dog’s mouth. If the veterinarian suspects injury or trauma to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), they may recommend x-rays.

The vet will also review your dog’s history, such as any recent wounds, behavioral changes, or unusual eating habits. For example, if your dog is fond of chewing sticks, these could splinter and cause an injury that leads to lockjaw.

Additionally, the vet may test your dog’s reflexes, as they are often heightened with tetanus. In some cases, diagnostic tests like MRIs or blood work may be necessary to rule out infections or cancers. However, blood tests to detect Clostridium tetani are generally unreliable and are not typically used to confirm the diagnosis.

How Do You Treat Lockjaw?

Lockjaw caused by tetanus requires intensive treatment, often including hospitalization. While humans receive tetanus shots, dogs are less prone to the effects of the tetanus toxin, but they can still experience severe symptoms.

Treatment typically includes:

  • Supportive care, such as fluids and nutritional support
  • Antitoxins to neutralize the toxin
  • Antibiotics to treat infection and prevent further toxin production
  • Muscle relaxants to control spasms
  • Anti-inflammatory medications to reduce swelling

If your dog’s symptoms are severe, additional treatments like breathing support, feeding tubes, or intravenous fluids may be needed. In rare cases, surgery may be required to repair any damage to the temporomandibular joint.

For dogs recovering at home, it’s important to create a calm, dark environment, as bright lights and noise can trigger muscle spasms. You should also turn your dog regularly to prevent bedsores and offer them soft food that doesn’t require chewing.

What Is the Prognosis for a Dog?

The prognosis for a dog with tetanus-induced lockjaw depends largely on how early the condition is detected and treated. “Many dogs can recover with proper care if treatment begins before the toxin has spread too far,” says Dr. Hood. Recovery is often slow, with some improvement seen within a week, but a full recovery may take several weeks. Some dogs may require physical therapy to regain normal muscle function after recovery.

Lockjaw caused by tetanus is a serious condition, but with prompt veterinary care, many dogs can make a full recovery. However, as with any medical issue, prevention is key—keeping your dog away from rusted metal, sharp objects, and ensuring prompt wound care can go a long way in protecting them from tetanus and lockjaw.

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